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Ganzfeld experiment
A ganzfeld experiment (from the German for “entire field”) is a technique used in parapsychology which claims to be able to test individuals for extrasensory perception (ESP). The ganzfeld experiments are among the most recent in parapsychology for testing telepathy.
Consistent, independent replication of ganzfeld experiments has not been achieved.〔Frazier, Kendrick. (1991). ''The Hundredth Monkey: And Other Paradigms of the Paranormal''. Prometheus Books. pp. 143-148. ISBN 978-0879756550〕〔Hyman, Ray. (1996). (''The Evidence for Psychic Functioning: Claims vs. Reality'' ). ''The Skeptical Inquirer''. pp. 24–26. Retrieved November 4, 2013.〕〔Smith, Jonathan. (2009). (''Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit'' ). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405181228. Retrieved November 1, 2013.〕〔Rathus, Spencer. (2011). ''Psychology: Concepts and Connections''. Cengage Learning. p. 143. ISBN 978-1111344856〕〔Marks, David; Kammann, Richard. (2000). ''The Psychology of the Psychic''. Prometheus Books. pp. 97-106. ISBN 1-57392-798-8〕
==Historical context==
The ganzfeld was originally introduced into experimental psychology due to the experiments of the German psychologist Wolfgang Metzger (1899-1979) on the perception of a homogenous visual field.〔Philip John Tyson, Dai Jones, Jonathan Elcock. (2011). ''Psychology in Social Context: Issues and Debates''. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 199-200. ISBN 978-1405168236〕 In the early 1970s, Charles Honorton had been investigating ESP and dreams at the Maimonides Medical Center and began using the ganzfeld technique to achieve a state of sensory deprivation in which he hypothesised that psi could work. Honorton believed that by reducing the ordinary sensory input, psi conductive states may be enhanced and psi-mediated information could be transmitted.〔
Since the first full experiment was published by Honorton and Sharon Harper in the ''Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research'' in 1974, the Ganzfeld has remained a mainstay of parapsychological research.
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